Tag Archives: fitness

Carvings December 15th, 2025

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In the news

Another win for chocolate

            Well, not exactly. A recent study from Birmingham, England among a small group of volunteers showed that the harmful effects on blood vessels that occur during prolonged sitting can be offset by drinking cocoa. The researchers didn’t use dark chocolate, but a specially formulated cocoa drink that had a high level of flavonoids, the micronutrients that help to maintain the health and flexibility of blood vessels. In short, it was not the kind of hot chocolate mix that is so popular at this holiday time.

            Excellent sources of flavonoids include fruit, berries, nuts and tea, including green tea and herbal teas such as chamomile. These are all far superior to the sugar-laden hot chocolate mix that you’ll find at your local grocery store.

            Sitting, even for short periods – two hours in the study noted – has adverse effects on the flexibility of blood vessels and blood pressure. Decades of such inactivity inevitably lead to the kinds of cardiovascular diseases (heart attack and stroke) that are two of the three leading causes of death in Western society. Unfortunately, many occupations necessarily require long sessions at a desk. Wouldn’t it be nice to know that we can possibly offset at least a little of sedentary living’s hazards by some healthy snacking and sipping?

Lifestyle

            In the previous blog I promised to address the “I don’t have time to exercise” issue. Pardon my being blunt, if not outright crass, by pointing out that those making that argument will have plenty of time – but later – while in rehab, recovering from a heart attack or stroke, or getting around in a wheelchair while waiting for a prosthetic leg to arrive. Gross! I know, but it’s a fact.

            The most obvious lifestyle change is to substitute some TV-watching time for at least one hour of physical activity about four or five times a week. Even that relatively small input of time has been shown to significantly improve your chances of avoiding a cardiac catastrophe. And anyway, the news never changes – only the places where it’s freezing/flooding/quaking/erupting or how many people have been shot/stabbed/arrested.

            Then there are the many other ways of activating your muscles and improving your heart and lungs: stealth exercise. Take the stairs instead of the elevator – up and down. Do you find yourself driving around the parking lot to find the closest one to the entrance to the gym? The gym?!? If you park at the farthest corner of the lot you’ll get a warmup and a cooldown, you’ll never “lose” your car and your car door is less likely to get dinged. Stand up when you’re on the phone. Let your dog take you for a walk three times a day instead of twice on weekends.

            Exercise as if your life depends on it. It does!

Carvings, December 1, 2025

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I hope that I’m preaching to the choir

        As you know from recent blog posts, the influenza vaccine, though it does not always prevent the flu, is important because it decreases the severity of an infection, likely avoiding hospitalization. You may also recall that an episode of influenza significantly increases the risk of a heart attack or stroke, while the vaccine has just the opposite effect. Another point to emphasize: influenza weakens the immune system, which is the reason why deaths from the flu are almost always due to secondary infection, not viral infection.

                Infectious disease experts warn that this year’s flu season will probably be more severe than most because the current strain is more potent. This is already evident in Australia and the UK. That makes getting the vaccine especially important this winter.

Lifestyle

What hardly anyone knows about exercise.

                The title of this blog might seem somewhat pretentious but the evidence is all around us. Surveys over the years are pretty consistent: about eighty percent of Americans simply do not engage in any form of exercise. An interesting coincidence: eighty present of Americans are overweight or obese. Are they the same eighty percent. Ya think?

                The human body has evolved to require several hours a day of moderately intense physical activity. Before the Industrial Age there was no way around it. Getting to or from anywhere required walking. (Lest you think that riding horseback didn’t require physical activity, be assured that a ride of any distance is a pretty good workout.) Craftsmen used only hand tools; the most mundane household chore required lifting, carrying, chopping, etc..

                Moderately intense physical activity has two major effects: it burns calories and it opens dormant blood vessels. If we use up all the calories we take in there aren’t any left to be turned into fat. That’s obvious but what is not so obvious is that those fat stores are factories (fattories?) for churning out inflammatory chemicals that are the drivers of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer and osteoporosis. Another interesting coincidence: none of those conditions exist in pre-industrial societies – not one, except for some cancers!

                When your heart pumps vigorously in the course of intense physical activity, every blood vessel in the body, even those that are “resting”, opens up to accommodate the flow. That ensures that every cell receives oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of accumulated waste products. The ebb and flow of blood also keeps those blood vessels flexible so that they can handle the sudden stress of the kind that might precipitate a heart attack or stroke. 

                Twenty-five percent of the blood that exits the left side of the heart goes to the head, nearly all of it to the brain. Simply put, well-fed brain cells last longer.

                The excuse that I hear most often is “I don’t have time”. I’ll address that issue in the next post.

Carvings October 15, 2025

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What are we doing to our children’s brains – and ours?

            In the course of doing some research for a PowerPoint presentation titled How the computer affects your brain and your health, I learned some disturbing facts about the effects of screen time and social media. Numerous studies have observed that heavy use of both – and note that the average adolescent spends 8.5 hours a day looking at one kind of screen or another – leads to memory problems, short attention span, decreased self-control and more negative behaviors.

            A Canadian study of pre- and barely-adolescents, 9 to 13 years of age, evaluated six measures of cognitive performance, including reading recognition, picture vocabulary, explicit memory and overall cognitive skills. In every category but one (pattern comparison processing speed) the more time spent on social media the greater the decline in these skills. Even the group with the lowest level of social media exposure showed poor cognitive performance. The authors of the study consider this a “pressing public health concern” and believe that the time has come for public policy action to address the issue.

            I believe that there is more for us to consider. First, the age range studied here is younger than the mid-teens, where social media activity is far greater than the 0.3 to 3.0 hours per day of these younger children. It is not a stretch to say that a similarly designed study among older children would reveal even worse outcomes.

            Second, the detrimental effect of many hours of screen time and social media participation is not limited to the young. The aging process does not shield us from harm. I would argue that we could all benefit from finding better ways to engage our brains.

            A couple of years ago I weaned myself from reading the daily newspaper, having asked if reading it really increased my font of knowledge, and if I felt uplifted by the time I put the paper down. I’m sure you know the answer. I no longer own a television for the same reason. Unfortunately, I still have a “smart” phone – is that an oxymoron? —  on which I had felt compelled to learn what’s going on in the world at least once a day. I recently decided to check the news on Sunday morning – period. I feel more calm already, and my book queue is getting shorter.  

Lifestyle

Exercise, the heart, the brain and the immune system

            It has been known for decades that regular exercise is necessary to maintain muscle mass. What is not known as widely is that persons who do not exercise lose heart muscle, not just the muscle that powers your arms and legs. This has two significant consequences. The first is that as we get older the heart cannot keep up with demand. The result is that fatigue comes quickly; the larger problem is that when the blockage of a coronary artery occurs there is less heart muscle reserve, so when a heart attack occurs there is less chance of recovery. The second is that the loss of muscle can eventually lead to chronic heart failure, a serious and common problem among the elderly.

            In regard to the brain, regular exercise keeps its blood vessel supple, better able to deliver nutrients and to remove accumulated waste products. But regular aerobic exercise such as walking, cycling, swimming, etc., also increases the volume of both gray and white matter in the brains of older persons.

            A third benefit of exercise is that it improves the responsiveness of the immune system to vaccines and to infectious agents, counteracting the gradual decline that most elderly persons experience.

            If you think that you don’t have time to exercise, consider these facts.

Carvings August 15, 2025

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Pickle juice to relieve muscle cramps? Really?

            Muscle cramps are a universal annoyance but their cause and cure are largely mysteries. They are more common among athletes, pregnant women and older persons. Electrolyte solutions like Pedialyte have been recommended to prevent them but few medications or measures such as stretching provide quick relief. Pickle juice is a recent entry, and it has some scientific backing.

          I was a sceptic when one of my sons urged me to try it when I developed a severe leg cramp during a visit to his home. “Baloney” was my first response but I took two swallows – the stuff is awful – and about three seconds – yes, seconds — later the pain was entirely gone. “Coincidence” was my second response.

          A few nights later I had another cramp, this one deep-to-the-bone painful. I ignored the container of pickle juice in my refrigerator that was foisted on me by my son. “Baloney” I muttered during the ten or so minutes of agonizing walking that it took to resolve most – not all – of the pain.

          The next time a similar, severe cramp hit me I thought “What can I lose? But it probably won’t work.” But it did, within a few seconds – and all the pain was gone this time.

          It didn’t take long to find a couple of dozen articles at the National Library of Medicine site (PubMed) that discussed the merits of pickle juice and the mechanism by which it works. It’s not the electrolytes; it’s the stimulation of the lining of the throat by acetic acid (vinegar) that causes a reflex to inhibit the firing of nerve cells that are causing the muscle fibers to contract.

          Thank you, Steven.

Carvings   August 1, 2025

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In the news

Walking is great – but it’s not enough.

            I commend all those who walk several times a week. Besides improving heart and lung fitness, it strengthens the core muscles (back and abdomen) and adds to the bone strength of the legs, which includes the hips. But if you fall while walking (!) and land on your outstretched hands, it could result in a fracture of one or both wrists or elbows or collarbones. We need resistance-type exercises that provide numerous health benefits, including stronger bones for the upper body.

            When you exercise your biceps, for example, it puts stress on the bones of the arm where the muscle is attached. The bone reacts by becoming thicker and stronger, thus resistant to breakage. But there’s more.  A beneficial by-product of using barbells, dumbbells, elastic bands and exercise machines is maintaining the health of specialized nerve endings attached to each muscle cell that help us to retain balance. One reason why seniors are prone to falls is that when they lose muscle cells because of inactivity they also lose those nerve structures that maintain balance.

            Although a fitness center is ideal, a home exercise program is a good start. Any household item that fits comfortably in your hand, e.g., a can or jug that holds food or juice, will do. Gym memberships are often available for less than $25 a month and some senior insurance programs will cover the cost.

            For persons with a chronic illness such as arthritis or heart disease, a physical therapist can provide a suitable, safe program. Four or five hours a week of regular, moderately intense physical activity, at any age, results in greater energy and a feeling of well-being. You’ll never go back to being a couch potato!

Lifestyle

“Don’t be a spectator, don’t let life pass you by.” Lou Holtz

            Lou Holtz, the famous Notre Dame football coach, is an outstanding motivational speaker. I have modified one of the elements of his repertoire as follows:

            For a meaningful life, have:

                        Someone to love

                        Something to believe in

                        Something to hope for

                        Something to give

                        Something that brings you daily joy

Carvings July 1, 2025

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Eat more, weigh less? Are you kidding me??

            It appears that weight loss surgery is more effective over the long term than Ozempic, that new kid on the block, and similar prescription drugs. But no matter how effective these two elements may be in the short term, this is simply not the way to solve the multiple problems – now epidemics — of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Those who promote these solutions are apparently oblivious to the fact that a century ago, those four chronic, non-infectious conditions were almost non-existent. They don’t have anything to do with aging, nor does osteoporosis, the fact of which I’ll cover in a future post. Ditto cancer, the second leading cause of death, 85 percent of which is due to lifestyle factors and has nothing to do with growing older, according to the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.

            So if these diseases, which together account for more than one million deaths per year in the United States, are almost entirely due to lifestyle factors, the solution appears to be astonishingly simple: change the lifestyle.

            Obesity is at the root of the other diseases, via multiple mechanisms. The rate of obesity in 1900 was five percent. It is now 42 percent. Although health experts advise us to drastically reduce our sugar intake, that’s only part of the picture. The real solution is to eat foods that fill you up, not fill you out. 

            Our great-grandparents were not obese mainly because their diet was largely based on plant foods and whole grains that had a lot of bulk, giving them full bellies but few calories. The Standard American Diet does the opposite: refined sugar, refined flour and only one or two servings of plant foods per day. (If you’re a teenager you typically eat less than one serving per day of fruits and vegetables.) We take in lots of calories before our appetite is satisfied, especially if those calories come in the form of soft drinks, so we eat more.

            Sugary desserts and soft drinks should be the first to go. Next, add a small salad to one meal a day, later two meals a day when you get used to it. Instead of having a starch (pasta, potatoes, rice) at dinner, substitute a cooked vegetable for more fiber and fewer calories. You’ll be eating more food – and will weigh less.

            Now – how hard was that?

Lifestyle

How dry I am!

            Now that summer heat is here in full force it’s time for a reminder that dehydration is a risk at all ages, but especially as we get older. One reason is that our thirst mechanism is unreliable; our body may require a greater fluid intake but it fails to let us know. Especially in areas of low humidity – e.g., the American Southwest – overt sweating is minimized and thus we are not aware of the fluid loss. When we’re engaged in some activity such as gardening or athletics, we just might not be paying attention to early signs of dehydration, such as fatigue.

            Statistics regarding deaths from dehydration are hard to ascertain since heat stroke is often part of the picture. During a severe heat wave dozens of deaths may be reported in the United States. Infants and the elderly comprise most of the victims. Contributing factors include the inability of the former to express their symptoms. The latter often live alone or are visited infrequently by caretakers. Persons over the age of 65 are especially at risk. Many are taking blood pressure medications that increase the loss of water as well as the loss of electrolytes (sodium and potassium).

            Monitoring a person’s state of hydration, whether an infant in diapers, a healthy adult or an elderly person who needs to be checked at least once daily, the indicators of dehydration are the same. If urine is cloudy, orange-brown and pungent, dehydration is already in progress. Urine should always be clear, slightly yellow and with only a mild odor.

 Repeated bouts of dehydration increase the risk of kidney stones, a malady whose intensity of pain is only matched by the pangs of childbirth – so I’m told!

            You can avoid dehydration even on the hottest, driest days by keeping a glass or bottle of water everywhere – family room, bedroom, car, office. Fruit juices are fine but they all have sugar, so diluting them by about a third will give you the fluid you need with fewer calories. Fruit is mostly water; three or four pieces a day are healthy as well. If you sweat a lot during a hard workout don’t forget to replenish sodium and potassium with an electrolyte drink. Avoid sugary carbonated drinks and alcohol.

Carvings June 1, 2025

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Kiddie canaries in the coal mine

            For those of you who have come to believe that vitamin D is my favorite vitamin, you are correct. Month after month, there is more data showing that this micronutrient has more functions within the body than had been thought only a few years ago. One reason for my constant referral to vitamin D in my blogs is that deficiency is a serious problem. This is highlighted by a study from the University of Florida.

          The crux of the article is that fractures in children who are deficient in vitamin D take much longer to heal. But there is another very serious implication that is not addressed by the authors of the article: those whose bone health is poor and who are significantly deficient in vitamin D as children face the strong likelihood that they will develop osteoporosis at a relatively young age.

          For several reasons, osteoporosis will be Third Epidemic of this century; obesity and type two diabetes are the first and second, respectively. Although figures vary depending on the demographic group and research population studied, approximately one-half of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. But there is more to bone health, including adequate amounts of omega-3 fats, vitamins A, C and K, and exercise. In regard to the last, physical activity continues to decline among youngsters, and the recent surge in electric bikes, scooters and skateboards can only make things worse.

          The Florida study attributes the slow healing of bone fractures in children to low levels of vitamin D. I believe that the problem is far more complex. A thorough analysis of these children’s lifestyle would probably uncover other nutritional deficiencies, and a lack of exercise as well.

Lifestyle

“I’m doing everything right! Why do I have osteoporosis?”

          I have heard this lament several times during my nearly twenty-years’ speaking on matters of health and fitness, mostly to senior organizations. The complaints have usually come from slender women who state that they exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet, take vitamins regularly and ensure an adequate calcium intake, often with the help of a supplement.

          My answer is not a comforting one for them. After assuring them that they are now following the proper course to maintain good bone health, I point out that building a strong skeleton depends on regular, moderately intense physical activity during the “bone-building window” from ages roughly 5 to 25, and that they were probably not aware of that during those years. A good diet, as noted above, also matters, but the prime determinant of bone health is moderately intense exercise throughout life, even past retirement age.

          Approximately 20 percent of women over the age of fifty have osteoporosis, compared to 4 percent of men. That figure for men is misleading and it is going to rise significantly in the coming decades. Generally speaking, boys are physically more active during the critical bone-building window, and a man’s occupation involves greater physical activity – until recently. Today a man’s thumb is more likely to be injured by repetitive stress from using a keyboard than from pounding a hammer; construction workers’ cordless power tools have replaced manual screwdrivers, handsaws and drills. Modern males make little use of their muscles and they will pay the price when they reach middle age.

          Although it’s possible to regain some bone mass at any age, it takes more effort than most persons are aware. Persons of every age (nonagenarians included) should engage in resistance exercise (barbells, dumbbells, machines, elastic bands) at least three times weekly. The Standard American Diet (S.A.D.) is poor in bone-building nutrients. Those are the hard facts.

         

Carvings July 1, 2024

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Too old? Not!

            My fitness center is a busy place. That’s good. I’m delighted to see scores of people working out regularly, most of whom appear to be in their twenties or thirties. The bad news: most of them appear to be in their twenties or thirties. It shouldn’t be that way. Considering that a) the chronic non-infectious diseases that lead to roughly 90 percent of deaths in the U.S. mostly affect persons of retirement age, b) regular exercise can postpone, modify or even eliminate the ten leading causes of death and c) that retired folks by definition have lots of time on their hands, they should vastly outnumber the kids.

            Since moving to an old folks’ home, euphemistically called a senior facility, I am dismayed that the fitness center here, literally across the hall from my apartment, stands empty almost all the time. I do not exaggerate when I note that in the past eight months since my arrival, I have not seen it in use more than ten times. (Disclosure: I never use it either because I prefer the fitness center about a mile away, where the equipment and the scenery are much better.)

            The average American gains about one pound a year between graduation from college and enrolling in Medicare. A pound isn’t much but that comes to about 30 pounds by age 65, and that’s where most Americans are; more than 80 percent of us are either overweight or obese.

            Exercise, of course, is only half the story. Most of us just eat more than we need to. But regular exercise offers more benefits than simply keeping our weight in the normal range. The immune system gets a boost not only from exercise itself, but as body weight increases, immune function decreases. Nowhere was this more clearly shown than in the recent pandemic, where the vast majority of deaths occurred in persons who were obese, diabetic, hypertensive and afflicted with coronary artery disease. Age is clearly not the problem. More than a score of centenarians survived COVID-19.

            Age is no excuse to avoid exercise and being physically active, and the Senior Olympics offer us wonderful examples. For instance, in recent years, an 85-year-old took first place in the pole vault. An 86-year-old won the triple jump and the long jump and took third in the 100- and 200-meter dash. A 97-year-old with osteoporosis won the 1500-meter run. My hero is Ruth Frith, whose shot put went 13 feet, 4 inches when she was 100 years old!

            One of my personal heroes is a friend who celebrated his 81st  birthday by doing 81 push-ups!

            The bottom line: no one is too old to exercise.

Carvings June 1, 2024

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More confusing research

          The last thirty years or so have seen a surge in publications touting the benefits of omega-3 fats in preventing heart disease and stroke. There have been a few studies that claim no benefit, but almost none have stated that these nutrients can be detrimental to heart health. A recent study from the UK reported that persons with poor heart health did receive benefits from omega-3s but previously healthy persons had a small (6 percent) risk of developing atrial fibrillation, a heart attack, heart failure or stroke.

          Even though this was a large study involving more than 400,000 people, it was observational and did not show direct causation. The authors noted that a limitation of the study was the lack of information regarding the dose and type of fish oil consumed. Takers of fish oil were significantly more likely to be elderly, which could be a factor in more of them developing atrial fibrillation.

          Although healthy persons taking fish oil supplements were more likely to develop heart disease, they were less likely to die than non-takers. The authors’ discussion did not take into consideration other benefits of omega-3 fats, including the lowering of inflammation, reduction in blood pressure, improvement in immune function and a lower risk of sudden cardiac arrest. A circuitous benefit of omega-3 fats is their role in preventing osteoporosis. A fall in an elderly person that results in a fracture leads indirectly to death, especially when that fracture involves the hip or the skull, for very different reasons.

          In an associated commentary, a nutritionist stated that she still recommends an intake of 500 milligrams of omega-3 fats per day, from fish, fish oil or a combination of the two.

And so we come to sardines!

          Sardines are one of the most beneficial foods on the planet, but I can already hear you say “Ugh! Not for me!” From my lecture experience I am well aware that Americans are about evenly split between sardine lovers and sardine haters. An Internet search will come up with nearly 100 recipes for sardine dishes, although I will admit that “sardine pie” did not excite me.

          Because sardines are so low on the food chain there is virtually no risk of mercury contamination that is a challenge in large fish such as tuna. A single four-ounce serving provides more than the recommended amount of omega-3s mentioned above, a fourth of your calcium requirements and as much iron as a hamburger. Canned sardines are convenient, can be stored almost forever and are a whole lot cheaper than beef or larger fish.